John Stuart Mill, Berlin, And Sartre - 2059 Words

Name Professor Course Date Positive and Negative Freedom: According to Augustine, Mill, Berlin, and Sartre As one of the most important concepts in philosophy, freedom always attracted the attention of the thinkers. Such outstanding philosophers as Saint Augustine, John Stuart Mill, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Isaiah Berlin provide valuable responses to the problem of freedom, which are still actual. For instance, Isaiah Berlin can be considered the true ideologist of dialectic of freedom, dividing this issue into positive and negative one. According to Isaiah Berlin, positive and negative freedom are closely connected with social and political development of human civilization. Precisely the way people evaluate and define their freedom influences political and social regime, which can develop in such society. Using the brilliant examples from the history of philosophical thought, Berlin provides the direct instances of negative and positive freedom existence. Each type of freedom premises a separate way of living, social structure, and role of individuality. Defining negative and positive freedom as almost absolutely different concepts, Berlin makes the emphasis that both determine personal activity. Negative freedom is freedom from other people interference. As the philosopher mentions, negative freedom answers the question â€Å"What is the area within which the subject – a person or group of persons – is or should be left to do or be what he is able to do or be, without

Strategic Information Security for Norwood Systems †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Information Security for Norwood Systems. Answer: Introduction Information is the most important asset of an organization. In this era of information and communication technology, security threats and risks are becoming a major concern for the organizations (Andress 2014). Information security deals with the protection of the integrity, availability as well as confidentiality of the sensitive and valuable information of a company. Norwood Systems is known for providing telecommunication services to enterprises, consumers and carriers across the world (Norwoodsystems.com 2017). This report discusses the security programs that can be adopted by Norwood Systems for improving its current security structure. This report discusses about the concept of information security and provides suggestion regarding the types of security models that can be implemented for the betterment of the organization. It identifies the security threats and risk assessment plans and programs that can be adopted. This report also provides the requirement for training plans and the suitable ISO standards as well as models for Norwood Systems. Literature on Information Security Information security deals with protecting systems as well as information from any type of unauthorized or illegal access, modification, destruction as well as disclosure. The main objective of information security is to maintain integrity, availability and confidentiality of information (Peltier 2016). Confidentiality deals with protecting or securing the valuable information from any type of unethical or unauthorized access. Confidentiality makes sure that only authorized users can access the right information as per their needs. Integrity deals with protecting valuable information from any type of unauthorized destruction and modification. Integrity makes sure that the information is complete, uncorrupted and accurate. Availability deals with providing correct information in a timely manner without any obstruction or interference. Information system consists of various components like software, hardware, people, data, procedures and networks (Ciampa 2012). All these components are vulnerable to various risks and threats. Information security is an important need of every organization. Several strategies can be used for protecting the information against any kind of attacks. Risks can be avoided and mitigated to promote a secure business environment (Vacca 2013). Loss of valuable information can harm several users and also affect the company reputation. Information security is gaining importance with time. There are several information security models that can be incorporated in the business processes of an organization based on certain needs and requirements. Current Security Situation and Titles of the Security Personnel Norwood Systems are responsible for providing telecommunication services of high quality. The Enterprise Solution makes the use of cloud services for making the communication platform of the corporate world very effective. They have a strong security policy in the organization. Several security personnel are present in an organization. Each of them has an unique role and responsibility. Some of them are as follows: Chief Information Security Officer: CISO is the head of the security department and responsible for the overall management of the security department. Security Engineer: A security engineer is responsible for monitoring the security needs of the organization. A security engineer makes proper utilization of advanced technologies for enhancing the security capabilities of the company. Security Analyst: They are responsible for analyzing and assessing several vulnerabilities in the IT infrastructure of the company. Systems Administrator: They are responsible for installing and managing security systems across the entire organization. Risk Assessment and Threat Identification Risk assessment is required for developing strong security policies in an organization. Real risks and threats are identified along with their level of exposure and probability of occurrence (Peltier 2013). Risk assessment can be done by following certain procedures and steps. In the NIST framework of risk management, assumption of risk, risk constraint, tolerance as well as priorities are identified. The company goals, business processes, mission, information security architecture and SDLC processes are integrated for proper assessment of risk. The threats and vulnerabilities existing in the organization are identified. After the identification is done, the company finds out various ways to respond to the risks and selects the most suitable option. The last component is to monitor the risks and to bring about change in the information system of the organization due to the impact of risks. ENISA framework can be used by Norwood Systems in order to assess the risks that are related to the cloud service that is provided to the enterprises for effective communication. In ENISA, risks are identified then analyzed followed by evaluation process. Security threats are a major concern of Norwood Systems. Telecommunication industries are vulnerable to several threats. The network equipments as well as the switching infrastructure can be accessed in an unauthorized manner. This can lead to tampering and illegal tapping of network traffic. The voice traffic can be intercepted because there is no encryption in case of speech channels. Mobile stations can be modified for exploiting the weaknesses in message authentication (Mayer et al. 2013). This can cause spoofing where the attacker pretends to be someone else in order to gain access to sensitive information. The base stations can also be modified for enticing users for getting attached to it (Jafarnia-Jahromi et al. 2012). The lawful mechanism of interception can be misused. Backdoor attack can take place that observes the activity of the user and misuses the data. Denial of Service attack can use the resources of the network by sending unwanted network traffic to the target syst em. Cloud services that are provided by Norwood Systems are vulnerable to certain threats like data breach, insecure interface, malicious insiders, account hijacking, issues regarding shared technologies and DoS. The deliberate threats are more dangerous and have high exposure because the attacker has malicious intentions behind such attacks (Ross 2014). Categorizing and ranking the threats will be helpful for the organization to promote a secured work culture and environment. Security Models The security models can be considered as standards that can be used for comparison or reference. The NIST access control model is used for identifying the access mechanism of the various levels in Norwood Systems. The management level accesses the data and information related to strategic planning (Chang, Kuo and Ramachandran 2016). The administrative level controls the operational data and the technical level accesses the daily information that is required for continuity of business. The security models help to implement information security in the organization. These models can be incorporated in the hardware, software as well as policies of the organization. Norwood Systems provide enterprise solution via cloud services called Corona Cloud (Malik and Nazir 2012). NIST Security models will be extremely beneficial for the company. NIST documents are freely available and have been updated by the government as well. It provides guidelines regarding risk assessments, privacy controls and security plans (Hamlen et al. 2012). Norwood Systems need to implement strong security policies for protecting the cloud against any kinds of threats (Youssef 2012). Development of Security Program Norwood Systems is a medium sized company and has a hierarchical organizational structure. Code of conduct prevails in the organizational culture. The employees are expected to act honestly and protect the assets of the company. The employees can release confidential information with the permission of the company. The company takes serious action if there is breach of conduct. Strong security program needs to be developed for protecting the company against security threats and risks. Failure to protect valuable information will harm the reputation of the company. The key components of the security program that needs to be developed are as follows: Hire a DSO or Designated Security Officer: DSO is required for monitoring and coordinating the security policies of the organization. Risk Assessment: The Company must identify the types of information that it stores along with the value of the information. Identification of risks and threats that is associated with different category of information needs to be done. The threats and risks must be ranked according to its level of exposure and effect. Access control: The security officer must decide which information must be available to whom. The employees must be authorized to access the type of information that is needed by them to run the business and depending upon their roles and levels in the organizational structure. Individual account: All the employees must have a separate account so that it can be monitored properly and it will also help to investigate any data loss or manipulation. Develop policies: Information security policies must be developed so that the entire organization is aware of the security expectations. The importance of information must be mentioned in the policies. These policies must be reviewed as well as updated every year. The employees must sign agreement to follow the rules and policies. Effective governance: The security officer must make sure that the policies are being followed in an effective manner. The roles and responsibilities of the employees must be clearly defined so that the operations are carried out in an effective manner (Siponen, Mahmood and Pahnila 2014). Install firewalls: Firewalls can be implemented to protect the internal network from any external malicious attack. A hardware firewall can be used between the internal network and Internet (Hu, Ahn and Kulkarni 2012). The firewall must be installed with antivirus software. Software firewall needs to be installed in all the computer systems. The firewall must be updated. It must be purchased from an authentic vendor. Secure wireless access points: The administrative password of the device must be changed. The wireless access points should be set in such a manner that does not broadcast its SSID. The router must be set to use WPA-2 along with AES or Advanced Encryption Standard. Web filters: The security officer must set email filters so that it can filter out malicious emails. Use of web filters will help Norwood Systems to detect any malicious website and prevent from accessing the malicious website. Encryption: The information of the system must be protected by encryption technique. The plain text information can be converted into cipher text so that it cannot be read by the attackers (Daemen and Rijmen 2013). AES can be used for protecting valuable information. Roles and Responsibilities CISO: The CISO looks after the entire security policies and procedures in the organization. The strategic planning is done by the CISO. CISO guarantees that the design for the information security of the firm is effective. CISO monitors the working of all the security related jobs in the organization. Security Manager: The security manager deals with collecting, storing as well as utilizing information to achieve the organizational goals. They play the role of a decision maker while selecting appropriate methodologies for the organization. They also coordinate and communicate information among the different layers in the organization. Security Engineer: The risk assessment and control framework of the firm is designed by the security engineer. The security engineer designs an appropriate security framework for the firm. It is the responsibility of the security engineer to update the design based on current security threats and risks. Security Analyst: The security analyst is responsible for analyzing the security threats and its exposure. The security analyst helps to maintain the integrity of the data. Improvement Plan The information security of Norwood Systems can be improved by dividing the responsibilities of the security personnel in an effective manner. More designations must be added so that the responsibilities of the employees are not overlapped. Each of them will have a separate role to play and the outcome will be highly effective. Proper strategies must be developed for improving the information security of Norwood Systems (Ahmad, Maynard and Park 2014). The new roles and titles that can be very effective are as follows: Technical security manager: These managers will focus on the firewall implementation, protection of data leakage, encryption, patching and all other technical aspects of the information security in the organization. Program security manager: These managers will focus on evaluating the vendor or third party risk. The security managers role can be divided into technical and program security manager for the betterment of the firm. Risk Officer: A risk officer must be hired whose main focus will be to manage implementation procedure of risk function. A risk officer will develop processes for identifying risk areas, exposure of the risk and develop risk policies as well. Risk officer will monitor and tackle risk issues that are critical. Other specialized roles can include virus technician who will identify new viruses and develop defense mechanisms against them, intrusion detector who will monitor the networks and systems to identify how the intrusion occurred. Source code manager can review source codes to detect vulnerabilities. Distinguishing all the security related roles and functions can be helpful in improving the information security of the firm. Training Requirements Security awareness plays a critical role in the implementation of the new security program. There must be a balanced trust across the organization so that information is shared in a secured and effective manner (Hu et al. 2012). The higher authorities must play a significant role in demonstrating the need for security programs in the organization. The employees must be given proper training so that they understand the security policies in a correct manner. The employees should know to utilize the organizational resources in an efficient way. They must be given training so that they can tackle any type of security incident. Monthly meetings must be set up to discuss about various security issues and measures to overcome such issues. Cooperation of the employees is needed in order to promote information security in the organization. ISO Standards and Models ISO model is the most used security model in the industry. This standard was developed for providing a common base to the organizations for the purpose of developing security standards (Disterer 2013). This helped in developing inter organizational deals. ISO/IEC 27001: This provides information regarding the implementation plan of ISO/IEC 27002 for the purpose of setting up ISMS or Information Security Management System. ISO/IEC 27002: This addresses controls of information security. A firm can use this standard to address their security needs and develop security policies. This model is suitable for Norwood Systems as it will help the organization to develop a management system that will manage information security. Norwood Systems provides Enterprise Solutions with the help of Corona Cloud. The ENISA security model will also be suitable for the cloud security of the organization (Pearson 2013). This model will help the firm to assess the risks related to cloud computing. This model will also provide an assurance framework for the cloud computing services. Conclusion This report concludes that Norwood Systems is a medium sized company that can use certain steps to improve the information security of the organization. This report said that Information security deals with protecting systems as well as information from any type of unauthorized or illegal access, modification, destruction as well as disclosure. It said that the main objective of information security is to maintain integrity, availability and confidentiality of information. This report discussed about the organizational culture as well as the size and suggested a well defined security program for improving the security policies and for protecting sensitive information of the firm. It suggested few techniques like encryption and implementation of firewalls in the security program. The roles of the security personnel are discussed and suggestions are provided for improving it. It suggested that new designations must be included in order to implement an effective security program. This r eport also suggested that ISO as well as ENISA security models are suitable for the Norwood Systems. It discussed the importance of risk assessment and the probable threats that can affect the organization. Recommendations Norwood Systems can improve its information security by following certain steps and procedures: Strong Policies must be developed along with specific user guidelines so that the employees do not misuse company resources. Software updates must be done on a regular basis. Anti-Virus software must be installed in order to fight against any malicious software attack. Vendor management must be done in an effective manner. Strong vendor guidelines must be implemented in order to prevent the release of sensitive information. Strong passwords must be used to protect the systems from any unethical or unauthorized access. Employees must be given proper training to communicate in a secure manner. They must be aware of the need of information security in an organization. Annual updates must be done in order to ensure that the security program remains up to date. References Ahmad, A., Maynard, S.B. and Park, S., 2014. Information security strategies: towards an organizational multi-strategy perspective.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,25(2), pp.357-370. Andress, J., 2014.The basics of information security: understanding the fundamentals of InfoSec in theory and practice. Syngress. Chang, V., Kuo, Y.H. and Ramachandran, M., 2016. Cloud computing adoption framework: A security framework for business clouds.Future Generation Computer Systems,57, pp.24-41. Ciampa, M., 2012.Security+ guide to network security fundamentals. Cengage Learning. Daemen, J. and Rijmen, V., 2013.The design of Rijndael: AES-the advanced encryption standard. Springer Science Business Media. Disterer, G., 2013. ISO/IEC 27000, 27001 and 27002 for information security management.Journal of Information Security,4(02), p.92. Hamlen, K., Kantarcioglu, M., Khan, L. and Thuraisingham, B., 2012. Security issues for cloud computing.Optimizing Information Security and Advancing Privacy Assurance: New Technologies: New Technologies,150. Hu, H., Ahn, G.J. and Kulkarni, K., 2012. Detecting and resolving firewall policy anomalies.IEEE Transactions on dependable and secure computing,9(3), pp.318-331. Hu, Q., Dinev, T., Hart, P. and Cooke, D., 2012. Managing employee compliance with information security policies: The critical role of top management and organizational culture.Decision Sciences,43(4), pp.615-660. Jafarnia-Jahromi, A., Broumandan, A., Nielsen, J. and Lachapelle, G., 2012. GPS vulnerability to spoofing threats and a review of antispoofing techniques.International Journal of Navigation and Observation,2012. Malik, A. and Nazir, M.M., 2012. Security framework for cloud computing environment: A review.Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences,3(3), pp.390-394. Mayer, N., Aubert, J., Cholez, H. and Grandry, E., 2013, June. Sector-based improvement of the information security risk management process in the context of telecommunications regulation. InEuropean Conference on Software Process Improvement(pp. 13-24). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Norwoodsystems.com. 2017.Norwood Systems - Company. [online] Available at: https://www.norwoodsystems.com/company.php [Accessed 1 Oct. 2017]. Pearson, S., 2013. Privacy, security and trust in cloud computing. InPrivacy and Security for Cloud Computing(pp. 3-42). Springer London. Peltier, T.R., 2013.Information security fundamentals. CRC Press. Peltier, T.R., 2016.Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press. Ross, J.D., 2014.Defending critical infrastructure against deliberate threats and non-deliberate hazards(Doctoral dissertation, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School). Siponen, M., Mahmood, M.A. and Pahnila, S., 2014. Employees adherence to information security policies: An exploratory field study.Information management,51(2), pp.217-224. Vacca, J.R. ed., 2013.Managing information security. Elsevier. Youssef, A.E., 2012. Exploring cloud computing services and applications.Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences,3(6), pp.838-847.

Sports Mascots free essay sample

The controversy over sports mascots is nothing new in today’s society. From the early 1960’s it has created an immense campaign against stereotypical sport mascot names. In articles, Indian Mascots—You’re Out, and So Sioux Me each author demonstrates how many people including Native Americans perceive certain mascots to be offensive. The authors’ first goals are to raise attention to this topic by creating pathos in their writing. Although Mark Hyman, author of So Sioux Me, has many good examples and facts, Jack Shakely, author of Indian Mascots – You’re Out, has a more credible argument. He implements pathos by describing a story that happen to him at a young age and also establishes credibility early in his article, which proves to the reader he understands the topic he is writing about. By creating emotional and logical appeals and establishing credibility, Shakely is successful and writes a persuasive and interesting article. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Mascots or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In order to be successful with his argument Shakely must gain his readers’ attention so he creates an emotional appeal in his first and second paragraphs. Shakely begins stating how in the early 1950s when he brought home a Cleveland Indians hat back home in Oklahoma. His mother was â€Å"fighting against Indian stereotypes all her life† when she ripped the hat off his head, tore it up and threw it in the garbage (646). His mother ripping his hat creates an emotional appeal for the readers and also shows how strongly some people disagree about having Indian mascots in sports today. Additionally, Shakely creates a logical appeal describing the Braves’ mascot in the 1970’s: â€Å"It was that cringe-worthy Chief Noc-A-Homa who came stomping and war-dancing his way out of a tepee in center field every time the Braves his a home run that got to me (647).† He creates a picture demonstrating that its not the Braves name that is stereotyping Native Americans, it’s the actions of the mascots that are being offensive. Colleges and universities such as Dartmouth College, changes their school mascots’ name in the 1960’s from the Indians to the Big Green so they wouldn’t offend anyone and it created uproar with their alumni that wanted to keep the original name. The last way for Shakely’s argument to be effective, he needs to prove to his readers how he is credible enough to be writing about this topic. Skakely does this by explaining how his friend of his â€Å"was president of Stanford at the time. He said the university lost millions of alumni dollars in the short run, but it  was the right thing to do.† (647) This demonstrates how he is credible because he must be a successful person and knows first handed how changing a teams’ mascot name can effect a university because a good friend of his is or was Stanford University’s president at the time. By Shakely effectively proving to his readers that he is credible, he earns their trust and the readers are more likely to agree and take his side with the topic. In the articles, Indian Mascots—You’re Out, and So Sioux Me both authors illustrate to the readers many different persuasive writing techniques. Many of these techniques include using pathos, logos, and establishing some sort of credibility. Jack Shakely, the author of Indian Mascots—You’re Out, does the best job using these techniques and writes a more persuasive article. The readers are first reeled into the topic with the pathos in the beginning of the article and at the end Shakely shows how he is credible.

How to Use an Example of a Thesis Paper to Your Benefit and Not Get Caught

How to Use an Example of a Thesis Paper to Your Benefit and Not Get Caught How to Use an Example of a Thesis Paper to Your Benefit and Not Get Caught We want you to gain as many advantages from getting example papers as possible because writing tasks are not assigned just to torment your pour young student soul. They are aimed at developing many skills that you will need in your future. And now, standing finally on the same ground, we would like to tell you about real custom writing services, particularly about the main benefits of buying an example of a thesis paper. But first, let’s make sure that you know how to use it right. So, in order to get the most out of a custom-written sample you should: Read and make sense of the paper. Make sure you agree with the points provided in an example and all the statements seem logical to you. Cover the list of provided sources. Find out more about the topic after you have read the paper – you’ll be surprised with how many original ideas may appear in the process. Write your own outline. Use the sample’s contents as a basis, take some chapter titles or paraphrase them (if you feel safer that way); add 1-2 sentences to each point to describe every part in brief. Create your own, unique thesis paper. Use the information from the sources to elaborate on your outline and take some parts from the sample (all the examples provided by the custom writing service are 100% original, so don’t worry about plagiarism). This is actually how it’s done. It seems much easier than creating a thesis paper from scratch, and, in fact, it really is. Check out how it simplifies the process and have a look at other essential benefits: You save time on looking for trustworthy sources as they are already sorted out in a reference list; You receive an example of a standard thesis paper structure applied in practice; You can follow and copy a polished academic writing style without searching for quality samples on the Internet; An example of a thesis paper already has a direction of research and a number of arguments you may either include in your own writing or just use them to create new statements; You see how a logical speculation should be put on paper – how to support an argument, how to add transitions between paragraphs, etc.; You don’t need to do any preliminary work, everything’s ready for you to analyze and make your own conclusions. Can you imagine how much time such a sample can save? Hours, days †¦ months? This is a perfect variant for a person who wants to spend time and efforts with minimal waste and maximum use. If you are this person, then order a sample paper without any second thoughts and experience the new way of getting the most out of academic writing!

The Power of Winning Even When it Looks Like You’re Losing

The Power of Winning Even When it Looks Like You’re Losing Competitive nature I was a late bloomer when it came to the on-line Scrabble game Words with Friends, somehow not discovering the game until last fall. Not surprisingly, I was immediately hooked. As of this writing, I’ve played 136 games, 105 of which I won, 30 of which I lost, and 1 of which I tied (that was my 15-year-old very precocious nephew). I’m a competitive person, and have been since playing backgammon with my dad at a young age. He would never let me win. I like to play to win, and expect others to do the same. When I first started playing Words with Friends, I lost about one out of every three games. Then I discovered the Word Strength tool that tells me if I’ve found the highest possible scoring word. That kicked my level of playing (and my average word score) up a few notches. I always attempt to identify that high-scoring word, even if I don’t end up playing it. If I don’t find it, I feel defeated. Tempted to quit? I have learned something about myself as a competitor: I don’t like to quit. Not finding the highest scoring word feels like quitting. If I’m losing a game, I create a new game for myself to try to close the gap. Sometimes I succeed. I’ll tell you one thing: I have never resigned a game because my opponent played a 100+ point word, or because I was behind by 100 points, or for any other reason. I will always finish my games, and if I lose, I lose fair and square. In fact, as much as I don’t like to lose, winning all the time is almost worse. At one point I amassed a 34-game winning streak and actually complained about it. What was the point of playing if I always won? I am motivated by challenge. I will keep playing someone who beats me every time, because one day I will win and I will feel awesome about that. Not everyone is like me. I had one opponent last week who beat me two games in a row. I was celebrating having a worthy opponent and was excited to keep playing with her; then when I started to beat her by a significant margin in our third game, she abruptly resigned. Similarly, another opponent who pulled out ahead early in our game resigned when I overtook her by changing her word, AZINE, into HYDRAZINE on a triple-word score. What happened to the thrill of the fight? I shared my experience with my hairdresser and she told me about a friend who started a competition amongst her friends as to who could take the most steps in a day. When her friend felt sick the first morning of the challenge, she quit the whole thing. She was that unwilling to lose, or to work hard to come from behind. I’ve heard of people who quit while they’re ahead, which to me means building on your wins and not letting yourself go stale. I’ve recently heard this called â€Å"flipping on the up† – making a strong move when you’re at a peak to amplify your success. But quitting when you start to fall behind is, to me, a sign of someone who is not willing to feel hurt or to fight through the tough times. Setting yourself up for a comeback In sports, comebacks are the most thrilling stories. You may recall the 2004 Boston Red Sox, the first team ever to come back from a 0-3 record in the American League Championship- and to then clinch the World Series in a sweep. This was their first World Series win in 86 years. Similarly, in the resume writing world, some of the most powerful bullets are the ones that report a turnaround. Someone who pulled a company, a department or a team out of a slump is a valuable person to have around. That’s a person who doesn’t let bad news get them down. From what I can tell, the best way to stay motivated to win when you’re losing is to believe it’s possible to win- and at the same time that there’s a real possibility of losing. Convincing yourself there’s no way you’ll win will not motivate you, and thinking you’ll always win will also not motivate you. Studies show that teams who are slightly behind are actually more likely to win than the ones slightly ahead. That’s the point where the possibility of winning is real, and so is the possibility of losing. That edge is what gets the adrenaline going and pushes people into high gear. How do you respond when you start falling behind? Do you quit while you’re ahead and use your success to reach your next goal, or do you quit when you think you will lose? How does this show up in your life? Invite me So†¦ Who wants to play Words with Friends with me? Invite me at brandyesq.

Change of Audit Regulations in the UK and the Republic of Ireland Research Paper

Change of Audit Regulations in the UK and the Republic of Ireland - Research Paper Example The primary objectives of APB are to establish high standards of financial auditing, assess & meet the continuously developing need of end users of the financial information and to achieve confidence of the public in the auditing process of the nation. The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is established primarily to support the confidence of investors, the market and the general public in the financial & corporate governance of listed companies & such other entities. FRC is accountable to monitor, enforce & govern compliance to the auditing standards developed and published by APB. APB supports FRC by setting high-quality standards & guidelines to achieve high performance of external audits by external auditors by virtue of their independence, objectivity and integrity. APB is also accountable to enhance the public understanding of  the roles & responsibilities of external auditors. APB is also accountable for recommending essential changes in the audit regulations which are later communicated via their free newsletters published through their website. Looking back in the History, UK Auditing Standards were originally developed by the Accounting Practices Committee (APC) that were established in 1976 and were in operation till 1991. In 1991, the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB) established the Auditing Practices Board (APB) that took over the accountability to develop & publish the Auditing Standards of UK and Republic of Ireland. APB was taken over by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) in 2004 such that it became a subsidiary board of the FRC. Since December 2004, after FRC has taken over APB, the audit standards in the UK & Republic of Ireland are being adopted from the consultation by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB). The Standards thus published are the International Standards modified to be applied in UK & Ireland and hence are named as ISA (UK & Ireland).

Information Technology Applications in Marketing Essay

Information Technology Applications in Marketing - Essay Example This is because digital media has numerous advantages like: search ability, speed, marketing interface and perhaps most importantly, data feedback. Digital media, therefore, transcends the constraints posed by physical media and incorporates the best of personal interactivity. More importantly, digital print has been known to reduce incremental cost of production, as well as, that of content acquisition and distribution. The reason why print media is dying is because every newspaper pays writers to acquire publishing content. This makes it difficult to compete with digital media, since the latter provides free content. In the past, printed media was the most influential platform for acquisition of information since there was no other basis of doing so. At the present time, numerous individuals have resorted to electronic media like websites, e-newspapers, and online television, among others. This has led to a huge drop in newspaper circulation for the past ten years. However, this do es not mean that print media is completely obsolete because up to today there are loyal readers that prefer to get news from newspapers and other print media (Reid, n.pag). This is a notion opposed by Josefowicz (n.pag)who insists that print media is bound to die owing to poor reception and increasing popularity of digital media at all societal levels. The principal sector likely to bear the brunt of print media deterioration is that will journalism. A journalist is forced to acquire distinctive information because the internet is a threat for print media. Despite the extensive efforts of acquiring information, it is made available to people who can easily access or even download it for free. For this reason, the print industry has to lower its cost in order to sustain competition in the news industry, and this will inevitably cause its failure and that of journalism. People have always paid for monthly subscriptions for newspaper or other print media like magazines. Currently, howe ver, individuals can acquire information free of charge from the internet, a principal predicament that is shaking the print media companies financially, because they do not have the capability to offer free information. However, as Josefowicz (n.pag) states, the internet is the big problem, but in some cases it can be utilized as a solution. Print media companies can earn revenue by borrowing the internet’s business model for increasing advertising. Nevertheless, print media is still effective and in some cases it holds a variety of advantages over digital media. For instance, print media offers tangibility, an element not available in digital media. This is crucial; magazines or newspapers can be preserved for future reference, while it is possible for internet advertisements or information to get lost into the cyber space under circumstances like virus attacks. Additionally, print media has credibility owing to its sense of legitimacy. This is due to the fact that informat ion is acquired by competent journalists, and is reviewed by editors before being unveiled to the public. This is unlike in digital media where virtually everyone can gain access to information and deliver it in a manner that lacks credibility. Content Marketing Content marketing refers to a promotion method of collecting as well as distributing